deployment/bentoml/mednist_classifier_bentoml.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Deploying a MedNIST Classifier with BentoML\n",
    "\n",
    "This notebook demos the process of packaging up a trained model using BentoML into an artifact which can be run as a local program performing inference, a web service doing the same, and a Docker containerized web service. BentoML provides various ways of deploying models with existing platforms like AWS or Azure but we'll focus on local deployment here since researchers are more likely to do this. This tutorial will train a MedNIST classifier like the [MONAI tutorial here](https://github.com/Project-MONAI/tutorials/blob/master/2d_classification/mednist_tutorial.ipynb) and then do the packaging as described in this [BentoML tutorial](https://github.com/bentoml/gallery/blob/master/pytorch/fashion-mnist/pytorch-fashion-mnist.ipynb)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Setup environment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "!python -c \"import monai\" || pip install -q \"monai[pillow, tqdm]\"\n",
    "!python -c \"import bentoml\" || pip install -q bentoml"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Setup imports"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "MONAI version: 0.4.0+119.g9898a89\n",
      "Numpy version: 1.19.2\n",
      "Pytorch version: 1.7.1\n",
      "MONAI flags: HAS_EXT = False, USE_COMPILED = False\n",
      "MONAI rev id: 9898a89d24364a9be3525d066a7492adf00b9e6b\n",
      "\n",
      "Optional dependencies:\n",
      "Pytorch Ignite version: 0.4.2\n",
      "Nibabel version: 3.2.1\n",
      "scikit-image version: 0.18.1\n",
      "Pillow version: 8.1.0\n",
      "Tensorboard version: 2.4.1\n",
      "gdown version: 3.12.2\n",
      "TorchVision version: 0.8.2\n",
      "ITK version: 5.1.2\n",
      "tqdm version: 4.56.0\n",
      "lmdb version: 1.0.0\n",
      "psutil version: 5.8.0\n",
      "\n",
      "For details about installing the optional dependencies, please visit:\n",
      "    https://docs.monai.io/en/latest/installation.html#installing-the-recommended-dependencies\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Copyright 2020 MONAI Consortium\n",
    "# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n",
    "# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n",
    "# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n",
    "#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n",
    "# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n",
    "# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n",
    "# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n",
    "# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n",
    "# limitations under the License.\n",
    "\n",
    "import os\n",
    "import shutil\n",
    "import tempfile\n",
    "import glob\n",
    "import PIL.Image\n",
    "import torch\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "from ignite.engine import Events\n",
    "\n",
    "from monai.apps import download_and_extract\n",
    "from monai.config import print_config\n",
    "from monai.networks.nets import DenseNet121\n",
    "from monai.engines import SupervisedTrainer\n",
    "from monai.transforms import (\n",
    "    AddChannel,\n",
    "    Compose,\n",
    "    LoadImage,\n",
    "    RandFlip,\n",
    "    RandRotate,\n",
    "    RandZoom,\n",
    "    ScaleIntensity,\n",
    "    ToTensor,\n",
    ")\n",
    "from monai.utils import set_determinism\n",
    "\n",
    "set_determinism(seed=0)\n",
    "\n",
    "print_config()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Download dataset\n",
    "\n",
    "The MedNIST dataset was gathered from several sets from [TCIA](https://wiki.cancerimagingarchive.net/display/Public/Data+Usage+Policies+and+Restrictions),\n",
    "[the RSNA Bone Age Challenge](http://rsnachallenges.cloudapp.net/competitions/4),\n",
    "and [the NIH Chest X-ray dataset](https://cloud.google.com/healthcare/docs/resources/public-datasets/nih-chest).\n",
    "\n",
    "The dataset is kindly made available by [Dr. Bradley J. Erickson M.D., Ph.D.](https://www.mayo.edu/research/labs/radiology-informatics/overview) (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic)\n",
    "under the Creative Commons [CC BY-SA 4.0 license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).\n",
    "\n",
    "If you use the MedNIST dataset, please acknowledge the source."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "MedNIST.tar.gz: 0.00B [00:00, ?B/s]"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/tmp/tmpxxp5z205\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "MedNIST.tar.gz: 59.0MB [00:04, 15.4MB/s]                              \n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "downloaded file: /tmp/tmpxxp5z205/MedNIST.tar.gz.\n",
      "Verified 'MedNIST.tar.gz', md5: 0bc7306e7427e00ad1c5526a6677552d.\n",
      "Verified 'MedNIST.tar.gz', md5: 0bc7306e7427e00ad1c5526a6677552d.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "directory = os.environ.get(\"MONAI_DATA_DIRECTORY\")\n",
    "root_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp() if directory is None else directory\n",
    "print(root_dir)\n",
    "\n",
    "resource = \"https://www.dropbox.com/s/5wwskxctvcxiuea/MedNIST.tar.gz?dl=1\"\n",
    "md5 = \"0bc7306e7427e00ad1c5526a6677552d\"\n",
    "\n",
    "compressed_file = os.path.join(root_dir, \"MedNIST.tar.gz\")\n",
    "data_dir = os.path.join(root_dir, \"MedNIST\")\n",
    "if not os.path.exists(data_dir):\n",
    "    download_and_extract(resource, compressed_file, root_dir, md5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Label names: ['AbdomenCT', 'BreastMRI', 'CXR', 'ChestCT', 'Hand', 'HeadCT']\n",
      "Label counts: [10000, 8954, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000]\n",
      "Total image count: 58954\n",
      "Image dimensions: 64 x 64\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "subdirs = sorted(glob.glob(f\"{data_dir}/*/\"))\n",
    "\n",
    "class_names = [os.path.basename(sd[:-1]) for sd in subdirs]\n",
    "image_files = [glob.glob(f\"{sb}/*\") for sb in subdirs]\n",
    "\n",
    "image_files_list = sum(image_files, [])\n",
    "image_class = sum(([i] * len(f) for i, f in enumerate(image_files)), [])\n",
    "image_width, image_height = PIL.Image.open(image_files_list[0]).size\n",
    "\n",
    "print(f\"Label names: {class_names}\")\n",
    "print(f\"Label counts: {list(map(len, image_files))}\")\n",
    "print(f\"Total image count: {len(image_class)}\")\n",
    "print(f\"Image dimensions: {image_width} x {image_height}\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Setup and Train\n",
    "\n",
    "Here we'll create a transform sequence and train the network, omitting validation and testing since we know this does indeed work and it's not needed here:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "train_transforms = Compose(\n",
    "    [\n",
    "        LoadImage(image_only=True),\n",
    "        AddChannel(),\n",
    "        ScaleIntensity(),\n",
    "        RandRotate(range_x=np.pi / 12, prob=0.5, keep_size=True),\n",
    "        RandFlip(spatial_axis=0, prob=0.5),\n",
    "        RandZoom(min_zoom=0.9, max_zoom=1.1, prob=0.5),\n",
    "        ToTensor(),\n",
    "    ]\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class MedNISTDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, image_files, labels, transforms):\n",
    "        self.image_files = image_files\n",
    "        self.labels = labels\n",
    "        self.transforms = transforms\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __len__(self):\n",
    "        return len(self.image_files)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __getitem__(self, index):\n",
    "        return self.transforms(self.image_files[index]), self.labels[index]\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "# just one dataset and loader, we won't bother with validation or testing \n",
    "train_ds = MedNISTDataset(image_files_list, image_class, train_transforms)\n",
    "train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_ds, batch_size=300, shuffle=True, num_workers=10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "device = torch.device(\"cuda:0\")\n",
    "net = DenseNet121(spatial_dims=2, in_channels=1, out_channels=len(class_names)).to(device)\n",
    "loss_function = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()\n",
    "opt = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), 1e-5)\n",
    "max_epochs = 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Epoch 1/5 Loss: 0.231450617313385\n",
      "Epoch 2/5 Loss: 0.07256477326154709\n",
      "Epoch 3/5 Loss: 0.04309789836406708\n",
      "Epoch 4/5 Loss: 0.04549304023385048\n",
      "Epoch 5/5 Loss: 0.025731785222887993\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def _prepare_batch(batch, device, non_blocking):\n",
    "    return tuple(b.to(device) for b in batch)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "trainer = SupervisedTrainer(device, max_epochs, train_loader, net, opt, loss_function, prepare_batch=_prepare_batch)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "@trainer.on(Events.EPOCH_COMPLETED)\n",
    "def _print_loss(engine):\n",
    "    print(f\"Epoch {engine.state.epoch}/{engine.state.max_epochs} Loss: {engine.state.output['loss']}\")\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "trainer.run()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The network will be saved out here as a Torchscript object but this isn't necessary as we'll see later."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "torch.jit.script(net).save(\"classifier.zip\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## BentoML Setup\n",
    "\n",
    "BentoML provides it's platform through an API to wrap service requests as method calls. This is obviously similar to how Flask works (which is one of the underlying technologies used here), but on top of this is provided various facilities for storing the network (artifacts), handling the IO component of requests, and caching data. What we need to provide is a script file to represent the services we want, BentoML will take this with the artifacts we provide and store this in a separate location which can be run locally as well as uploaded to a server (sort of like Docker registries). \n",
    "\n",
    "The script below will create our API which includes MONAI code. The transform sequence needs a special read Transform to turn a data stream into an image, but otherwise the code like what was used above for training. The network is stored as an artifact which in practice is the stored weights in the BentoML bundle. This is loaded at runtime automatically, but instead we could load the Torchscript model instead if we wanted to, in particular if we wanted an API that didn't rely on MONAI code. \n",
    "\n",
    "The script needs to be written out to a file first:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting mednist_classifier_bentoml.py\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%writefile mednist_classifier_bentoml.py\n",
    "\n",
    "from typing import BinaryIO, List\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "from PIL import Image\n",
    "import torch\n",
    "\n",
    "from monai.transforms import (\n",
    "    AddChannel,\n",
    "    Compose,\n",
    "    Transform,\n",
    "    ScaleIntensity,\n",
    "    ToTensor,\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "import bentoml\n",
    "from bentoml.frameworks.pytorch import PytorchModelArtifact\n",
    "from bentoml.adapters import FileInput, JsonOutput\n",
    "from bentoml.utils import cached_property\n",
    "\n",
    "MEDNIST_CLASSES = [\"AbdomenCT\", \"BreastMRI\", \"CXR\", \"ChestCT\", \"Hand\", \"HeadCT\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "class LoadStreamPIL(Transform):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Load an image file from a data stream using PIL.\"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __init__(self, mode=None):\n",
    "        self.mode = mode\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __call__(self, stream):\n",
    "        img = Image.open(stream)\n",
    "\n",
    "        if self.mode is not None:\n",
    "            img = img.convert(mode=self.mode)\n",
    "\n",
    "        return np.array(img)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "@bentoml.env(pip_packages=[\"torch\", \"numpy\", \"monai\", \"pillow\"])\n",
    "@bentoml.artifacts([PytorchModelArtifact(\"classifier\")])\n",
    "class MedNISTClassifier(bentoml.BentoService):\n",
    "    @cached_property\n",
    "    def transform(self):\n",
    "        return Compose([LoadStreamPIL(\"L\"), AddChannel(), ScaleIntensity(), ToTensor()])\n",
    "\n",
    "    @bentoml.api(input=FileInput(), output=JsonOutput(), batch=True)\n",
    "    def predict(self, file_streams: List[BinaryIO]) -> List[str]:\n",
    "        img_tensors = list(map(self.transform, file_streams))\n",
    "        batch = torch.stack(img_tensors).float()\n",
    "\n",
    "        with torch.no_grad():\n",
    "            outputs = self.artifacts.classifier(batch)\n",
    "        _, output_classes = outputs.max(dim=1)\n",
    "\n",
    "        return [MEDNIST_CLASSES[oc] for oc in output_classes]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now the script is loaded and the classifier artifact is packed with the network's state. This is then saved to a repository directory on the local machine:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2021-03-02 00:39:04,202] WARNING - BentoML by default does not include spacy and torchvision package when using PytorchModelArtifact. To make sure BentoML bundle those packages if they are required for your model, either import those packages in BentoService definition file or manually add them via `@env(pip_packages=['torchvision'])` when defining a BentoService\n",
      "[2021-03-02 00:39:04,204] WARNING - pip package requirement torch already exist\n",
      "[2021-03-02 00:39:05,494] INFO - BentoService bundle 'MedNISTClassifier:20210302003904_AC4A5D' saved to: /home/localek10/bentoml/repository/MedNISTClassifier/20210302003904_AC4A5D\n",
      "/home/localek10/bentoml/repository/MedNISTClassifier/20210302003904_AC4A5D\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from mednist_classifier_bentoml import MedNISTClassifier  # noqa: E402\n",
    "\n",
    "bento_svc = MedNISTClassifier()\n",
    "bento_svc.pack('classifier', net.cpu().eval())\n",
    "\n",
    "saved_path = bento_svc.save()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(saved_path)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can look at the contents of this repository, which includes code and setup scripts:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "total 44\n",
      "-rwxr--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng 2411 Mar  2 00:39 bentoml-init.sh\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng  875 Mar  2 00:39 bentoml.yml\n",
      "-rwxr--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng  699 Mar  2 00:39 docker-entrypoint.sh\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng 1205 Mar  2 00:39 Dockerfile\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng   70 Mar  2 00:39 environment.yml\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng   72 Mar  2 00:39 MANIFEST.in\n",
      "drwxr-xr-x 4 localek10 bioeng 4096 Mar  2 00:39 MedNISTClassifier\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng    5 Mar  2 00:39 python_version\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng  298 Mar  2 00:39 README.md\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng   69 Mar  2 00:39 requirements.txt\n",
      "-rw-r--r-- 1 localek10 bioeng 1691 Mar  2 00:39 setup.py\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!ls -l {saved_path}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This repository can be run like a stored program where we invoke it by name and the API name (\"predict\") we want to use and provide the inputs as a file:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2021-03-02 00:39:16,999] INFO - Getting latest version MedNISTClassifier:20210302003904_AC4A5D\n",
      "[2021-03-02 00:39:19,508] WARNING - BentoML by default does not include spacy and torchvision package when using PytorchModelArtifact. To make sure BentoML bundle those packages if they are required for your model, either import those packages in BentoService definition file or manually add them via `@env(pip_packages=['torchvision'])` when defining a BentoService\n",
      "[2021-03-02 00:39:19,508] WARNING - pip package requirement torch already exist\n",
      "[2021-03-02 00:39:20,329] INFO - {'service_name': 'MedNISTClassifier', 'service_version': '20210302003904_AC4A5D', 'api': 'predict', 'task': {'data': {'uri': 'file:///tmp/tmphl16qkwk/MedNIST/AbdomenCT/006160.jpeg', 'name': '006160.jpeg'}, 'task_id': '6d4680de-f719-4e04-abde-00c7d8a6110d', 'cli_args': ('--input-file', '/tmp/tmphl16qkwk/MedNIST/AbdomenCT/006160.jpeg'), 'inference_job_args': {}}, 'result': {'data': '\"Hand\"', 'http_status': 200, 'http_headers': (('Content-Type', 'application/json'),)}, 'request_id': '6d4680de-f719-4e04-abde-00c7d8a6110d'}\n",
      "\"Hand\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!bentoml run MedNISTClassifier:latest predict --input-file {image_files[0][0]}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The service can also be run off of a Flask web server. The following script starts the service, waits for it to get going, uses curl to send the test file as a POST request to get a prediction, then kill the server:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Prediction: \"AbdomenCT\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash -s {image_files[0][0]}\n",
    "# filename passed in as an argument to the cell\n",
    "test_file=$1\n",
    "\n",
    "# start the Flask-based server, sending output to /dev/null for neatness\n",
    "bentoml serve --port=8000 MedNISTClassifier:latest &> /dev/null &\n",
    "\n",
    "# recall the PID of the server and wait for it to start\n",
    "lastpid=$!\n",
    "sleep 5\n",
    "\n",
    "# send the test file using curl and capture the returned string\n",
    "result=$(curl -s -X POST \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/predict\" -F image=@$test_file)\n",
    "# kill the server\n",
    "kill $lastpid\n",
    "\n",
    "echo \"Prediction: $result\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The service can be packaged as a Docker container to be started elsewhere as a server:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2021-03-02 00:40:48,846] INFO - Getting latest version MedNISTClassifier:20210302003904_AC4A5D\n",
      "\u001b[39mFound Bento: /home/localek10/bentoml/repository/MedNISTClassifier/20210302003904_AC4A5D\u001b[0m\n",
      "Containerizing MedNISTClassifier:20210302003904_AC4A5D with local YataiService and docker daemon from local environment\\WARNING: No swap limit support\n",
      "\b|\u001b[32mBuild container image: mednist-classifier:latest\u001b[0m\n",
      "\b \r"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!bentoml containerize MedNISTClassifier:latest -t mednist-classifier:latest"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "REPOSITORY               TAG                             IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE\n",
      "mednist-classifier       latest                          326ab3f07478   15 seconds ago   2.94GB\n",
      "<none>                   <none>                          87e9c5c97297   2 days ago       2.94GB\n",
      "<none>                   <none>                          cb62f45a9163   2 days ago       1.14GB\n",
      "bentoml/model-server     0.11.0-py38                     387830631375   6 weeks ago      1.14GB\n",
      "sshtest                  latest                          1be604ad1135   3 months ago     225MB\n",
      "ubuntu                   20.04                           9140108b62dc   5 months ago     72.9MB\n",
      "ubuntu                   latest                          9140108b62dc   5 months ago     72.9MB\n",
      "nvcr.io/nvidia/pytorch   20.09-py3                       86042df4bd3c   5 months ago     11.1GB\n",
      "pytorch/pytorch          1.6.0-cuda10.1-cudnn7-runtime   6a2d656bcf94   7 months ago     3.47GB\n",
      "pytorch/pytorch          latest                          6a2d656bcf94   7 months ago     3.47GB\n",
      "python                   3.7                             22c70bba8283   7 months ago     920MB\n",
      "ubuntu                   16.04                           c522ac0d6194   7 months ago     126MB\n",
      "python                   3.7-alpine                      6a5ca85ed89b   9 months ago     72.5MB\n",
      "alpine                   3.12                            a24bb4013296   9 months ago     5.57MB\n",
      "hello-world              latest                          bf756fb1ae65   14 months ago    13.3kB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!docker image ls"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "if directory is None:\n",
    "    shutil.rmtree(root_dir)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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