Simplifies the backend interface (use available classes!)

README.md

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ builder = TransactionBuilder(context)
 builder.add_input_address(address)
 
 # Get all UTxOs currently sitting at this address
-utxos = context.utxos(str(address))
+utxos = context.utxos(address)
 
 # We can also tell the builder to include a specific UTxO in the transaction.
 # Similarly, "add_input" could be called multiple times.
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ builder.add_output(
 signed_tx = builder.build_and_sign([psk], change_address=address)
 
 # Submit signed transaction to the network
-context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
 ```
 </details>

examples/delegator_loyalty_rewards.py

@@ -101,5 +101,5 @@
 
 print("#### Transaction id ####")
 print(signed_tx.id)
-context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 print("Transaction successfully submitted!")

examples/full_stack/server.py

@@ -77,5 +77,5 @@ def submit_tx():
     print(f"Transaction: \n {tx}")
     print(f"Transaction cbor: {tx.to_cbor()}")
     print(f"Transaction ID: {tx_id}")
-    chain_context.submit_tx(tx.to_cbor())
+    chain_context.submit_tx(tx)
     return {"tx_id": tx_id}

examples/native_token.py

@@ -172,4 +172,4 @@ def load_or_create_key_pair(base_dir, base_name):
 
 # Submit signed transaction to the network
 print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)

examples/plutus/forty_two/forty_two.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def submit_tx(tx):
     print(tx)
     print(tx.to_cbor())
     print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-    chain_context.submit_tx(tx.to_cbor())
+    chain_context.submit_tx(tx)
     wait_for_tx(str(tx.id))
 
 
@@ -91,15 +91,15 @@ def submit_tx(tx):
 utxo_to_spend = None
 
 # Spend the utxo with datum 42 sitting at the script address
-for utxo in chain_context.utxos(str(script_address)):
+for utxo in chain_context.utxos(script_address):
     print(utxo)
     if utxo.output.datum:
         utxo_to_spend = utxo
         break
 
 # Find the reference script utxo
 reference_script_utxo = None
-for utxo in chain_context.utxos(str(giver_address)):
+for utxo in chain_context.utxos(giver_address):
     if utxo.output.script and utxo.output.script == forty_two_script:
         reference_script_utxo = utxo
         break

examples/tx_builder.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 builder.add_input_address(address)
 
 # Get all UTxOs currently sitting at this address
-utxos = context.utxos(str(address))
+utxos = context.utxos(address)
 
 # We can also tell the builder to include a specific UTxO in the transaction.
 # Similarly, "add_input" could be called multiple times.
@@ -82,4 +82,4 @@
 signed_tx = builder.build_and_sign([psk], change_address=address)
 
 # Submit signed transaction to the network
-context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+context.submit_tx(signed_tx)

integration-test/test/base.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class TestBase:
 
     @retry(tries=TEST_RETRIES, delay=3)
     def assert_output(self, target_address, target_output):
-        utxos = self.chain_context.utxos(str(target_address))
+        utxos = self.chain_context.utxos(target_address)
         found = False
 
         for utxo in utxos:
@@ -69,5 +69,5 @@ def fund(self, source_address, source_key, target_address, amount=5000000):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
         self.assert_output(target_address, target_output=output)

integration-test/test/test_certificate.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def test_stake_delegation(self):
             self.NETWORK,
         )
 
-        utxos = self.chain_context.utxos(str(address))
+        utxos = self.chain_context.utxos(address)
 
         if not utxos:
             giver_address = Address(self.payment_vkey.hash(), network=self.NETWORK)
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def test_stake_delegation(self):
             print(signed_tx)
             print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
             print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-            self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+            self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
             time.sleep(3)
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def test_stake_delegation(self):
             print(signed_tx)
             print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
             print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-            self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+            self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         time.sleep(8)
 
@@ -86,4 +86,4 @@ def test_stake_delegation(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)

integration-test/test/test_min_utxo.py

@@ -102,6 +102,6 @@ class MyPlutusData(PlutusData):
 
         # Submit signed transaction to the network
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(address, nft_output)

integration-test/test/test_mint.py

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def load_or_create_key_pair(base_dir, base_name):
 
         # Submit signed transaction to the network
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(address, nft_output)
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def load_or_create_key_pair(base_dir, base_name):
 
         # Submit signed transaction to the network
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(address, nft_to_send)
 
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def test_mint_nft_with_script(self):
         self.fund(address, self.payment_skey, address)
 
         non_nft_utxo = None
-        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(str(address)):
+        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(address):
             # multi_asset should be empty for collateral utxo
             if not utxo.output.amount.multi_asset:
                 non_nft_utxo = utxo
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def test_mint_nft_with_script(self):
 
         # Submit signed transaction to the network
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(address, nft_output)
 
@@ -338,6 +338,6 @@ class MyPlutusData(PlutusData):
 
         # Submit signed transaction to the network
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(address, nft_output)

integration-test/test/test_plutus.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def test_plutus_v1(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
         time.sleep(3)
 
         # ----------- Fund taker a collateral UTxO ---------------
@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ def test_plutus_v1(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
         time.sleep(3)
 
         # ----------- Taker take ---------------
 
         redeemer = Redeemer(42)
 
-        utxo_to_spend = self.chain_context.utxos(str(script_address))[0]
+        utxo_to_spend = self.chain_context.utxos(script_address)[0]
 
         taker_address = Address(self.extended_payment_vkey.hash(), network=self.NETWORK)
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def test_plutus_v1(self):
         builder.add_output(take_output)
 
         non_nft_utxo = None
-        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(str(taker_address)):
+        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(taker_address):
             # multi_asset should be empty for collateral utxo
             if not utxo.output.amount.multi_asset:
                 non_nft_utxo = utxo
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def test_plutus_v1(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(taker_address, take_output)
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_datum_hash(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
         time.sleep(3)
 
         # ----------- Taker take ---------------
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_datum_hash(self):
         utxo_to_spend = None
 
         # Speed the utxo that doesn't have datum/datum_hash or script attached
-        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(str(script_address)):
+        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(script_address):
             if not utxo.output.script and (
                 utxo.output.datum_hash == datum_hash(datum)
                 or utxo.output.datum == datum
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_datum_hash(self):
         builder.add_output(take_output)
 
         non_nft_utxo = None
-        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(str(taker_address)):
+        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(taker_address):
             # multi_asset should be empty for collateral utxo
             if not utxo.output.amount.multi_asset:
                 non_nft_utxo = utxo
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_datum_hash(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(taker_address, take_output)
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_inline_script_inline_datum(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
         time.sleep(3)
 
         # ----------- Taker take ---------------
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_inline_script_inline_datum(self):
         utxo_to_spend = None
 
         # Speed the utxo that has both inline script and inline datum
-        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(str(script_address)):
+        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(script_address):
             if utxo.output.datum and utxo.output.script:
                 utxo_to_spend = utxo
                 break
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ def test_plutus_v2_inline_script_inline_datum(self):
 
         print("############### Transaction created ###############")
         print(signed_tx)
-        print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        print(signed_tx)
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(taker_address, take_output)
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_ref_script(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
         time.sleep(3)
 
         # ----------- Send ADA to the same script address without datum or script ---------------
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_ref_script(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
         time.sleep(3)
 
         # ----------- Taker take ---------------
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ def test_plutus_v2_ref_script(self):
         utxo_to_spend = None
 
         # Spend the utxo that doesn't have datum/datum_hash or script attached
-        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(str(script_address)):
+        for utxo in self.chain_context.utxos(script_address):
             if not utxo.output.script and (
                 utxo.output.datum_hash == datum_hash(datum)
                 or datum_hash(utxo.output.datum) == datum_hash(datum)
@@ -308,6 +308,6 @@ def test_plutus_v2_ref_script(self):
         print(signed_tx)
         print(signed_tx.to_cbor())
         print("############### Submitting transaction ###############")
-        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx.to_cbor())
+        self.chain_context.submit_tx(signed_tx)
 
         self.assert_output(taker_address, take_output)

pycardano/backend/base.py

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 
 from typeguard import typechecked
 
+from pycardano.address import Address
 from pycardano.network import Network
 from pycardano.plutus import ExecutionUnits
-from pycardano.transaction import UTxO
+from pycardano.transaction import UTxO, Transaction
 
 __all__ = [
     "GenesisParameters",
@@ -136,7 +137,18 @@ def last_block_slot(self) -> int:
         """Slot number of last block"""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def utxos(self, address: str) -> List[UTxO]:
+    def utxos(self, address: Union[str, Address]) -> List[UTxO]:
+        """Get all UTxOs associated with an address.
+
+        Args:
+            address (Union[str, Address]): An address, potentially bech32 encoded
+
+        Returns:
+            List[UTxO]: A list of UTxOs.
+        """
+        return self._utxos(str(address))
+
+    def _utxos(self, address: str) -> List[UTxO]:
         """Get all UTxOs associated with an address.
 
         Args:
@@ -147,7 +159,19 @@ def utxos(self, address: str) -> List[UTxO]:
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def submit_tx(self, cbor: Union[bytes, str]):
+    def submit_tx(self, tx: Transaction):
+        """Submit a transaction to the blockchain.
+
+        Args:
+            tx (Transaction): The transaction to be submitted.
+
+        Raises:
+            :class:`InvalidArgumentException`: When the transaction is invalid.
+            :class:`TransactionFailedException`: When fails to submit the transaction to blockchain.
+        """
+        return self.submit_tx_cbor(tx.to_cbor("bytes"))
+
+    def submit_tx_cbor(self, cbor: Union[bytes, str]):
         """Submit a transaction to the blockchain.
 
         Args:
@@ -159,7 +183,18 @@ def submit_tx(self, cbor: Union[bytes, str]):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def evaluate_tx(self, cbor: Union[bytes, str]) -> Dict[str, ExecutionUnits]:
+    def evaluate_tx(self, tx: Transaction) -> Dict[str, ExecutionUnits]:
+        """Evaluate execution units of a transaction.
+
+        Args:
+            transaction (Transaction): The transaction to be evaluated.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[ExecutionUnits]: A list of execution units calculated for each of the transaction's redeemers
+        """
+        return self.evaluate_tx_cbor(tx.to_cbor("bytes"))
+
+    def evaluate_tx_cbor(self, cbor: Union[bytes, str]) -> Dict[str, ExecutionUnits]:
         """Evaluate execution units of a transaction.
 
         Args: