Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Grouping: Data and related functions (methods) are bundled together inside objects.
• Purpose: Objects model real-world entities and encapsulate data and behavior, allowing for modular and reusable code.
• Example: A Car object might have properties like color and speed, and methods like accelerate() and brake().

Procedural Programming (PP)

• Grouping: Functions and data are separate. Functions operate on data that is often passed to them or accessed from outside the functions.
• Purpose: Focuses on sequences of procedures or steps to process data, emphasizing control flow and task execution.
• Data Access: Functions can access and modify global or external data, in addition to the data passed as arguments.
• Example: A function like calculateSpeed(distance, time) operates on data passed as arguments but may also use or modify global variables.

Functional Programming (FP)

• Grouping: Functions operate on data, and the focus is on using pure functions that transform data without modifying the original. Code is organized around the use of functions.
• Purpose: Emphasizes immutability and function composition, aiming for predictable and side-effect-free operations.
• Data Access: Functions should only use data passed directly as arguments and avoid accessing or modifying external/global data to ensure purity.
• Example: A function like doubleNumbers(numbers) takes a list of numbers as an argument and returns a new list with each number doubled, without altering the original list.

Summary

• OOP: Bundles data and methods inside objects.
• PP: Separates functions and data, with functions that can access and modify both passed arguments and external/global data.
• FP: Organizes code around pure functions that operate on data passed directly to them, emphasizing immutability and avoiding external/global data access.