🔧 Set up ruff and mypy, and extend the pre-commit configuration

[marcelwa]

Description

This PR sets up ruff as a Python linter, mypy for static Python type checking, and extends the pre-commit configuration by check-jsonschema, validate-pyproject-schema-store, nb-clean, prettier, ruff, and mypy.

Many ruff checks are enabled (with some still requiring some work to comply fully).

Additionally, all corresponding linter warnings are also fixed in this PR.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have added a changelog entry.
• I have created/adjusted the Python bindings for any new or updated functionality.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 98.12%. Comparing base (d5c1b8a) to head (18c5e45).
Report is 118 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #603   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   98.12%   98.12%           
=======================================
  Files         232      232           
  Lines       35410    35410           
  Branches     1691     1691           
=======================================
  Hits        34747    34747           
+ Misses        662      661    -1     
- Partials        1        2    +1     

see 4 files with indirect coverage changes

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[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"