We merge data from a large representative sample from YouGov (n = 5,000) with data from Have I Been Pwned (HIBP) to estimate how often people's information is exposed. And how that varies by race, education, income, and age.
We find that at least 82.8% of Americans have had their accounts breached at least once. And that on average Americans' accounts have been breached at least thrice. Better educated, the middle-aged, women, and Whites and Blacks are more likely to have had their accounts breached than the complementary groups.
Ken Cor and Gaurav Sood
- themains/reg_breach — Have I Been Pwned? Yes. Evidence from HIBP and Emails From Voter Registration Files.
- themains/domain_knowledge — Domain Knowledge: Learning with pydomains
- themains/private_blacklight — Privacy Online and Digital Divide on Online Privacy
- themains/pwned_pols — A third of the politicians have had their data breached at least once. More alarmingly, over one in five have had their sensitive data, such as bank account numbers, biometric data, browsing history, chat logs, credit card CVV, etc., breached.
- themains/private_gov — How common are third-party cookies, trackers, key loggers, etc. on government websites?